![]() ![]() We find that while cities’ regulatory space is increasingly constrained by agreements entered into at the national level, cities as agents largely remain excluded from intergovernmental trade and investment negotiations. This chapter discusses how cities are indirectly impacted by international economic law (as objects) and how they may attempt to influence relevant rules of international economic law (as agents). Hence, seemingly innocuous decisions related to, for example, municipal zoning or public procurement, can become consequential from the perspective of international trade and investment law and trigger international dispute settlement. However, local governments do wield certain powers, some of which may impact foreign investments or the competitiveness of traded products. ![]() Cities are open economies within the territorial borders of their respective nation states and generally lack the authority to govern trade and investment flows.
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